Introduction

High blood pressure (hypertension) during pregnancy can significantly impact both maternal and fetal health. It may lead to complications such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, premature birth, and low birth weight. Recognising the risks, symptoms, and management strategies is vital for a healthy pregnancy.

Types of Hypertension in Pregnancy

Various forms of hypertension can arise during pregnancy:

1. Chronic Hypertension – High blood pressure that exists before pregnancy or is diagnosed before the 20th week of pregnancy.
2. Gestational Hypertension – High blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, typically without protein in the urine.
3. Preeclampsia – A severe form of hypertension that can impact organs and lead to serious complications if not treated.
4. Eclampsia – Eclampsia is a severe form of hypertension in pregnancy, leading to seizures in those with preeclampsia.
5. HELLP Syndrome – A severe form of hypertension in pregnancy, causing hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.

Symptoms to Watch For

While many women with high blood pressure feel normal, some signs may indicate complications:

• Severe headaches
• Swelling in the hands, feet, or face
• Blurred vision or seeing spots
• Pain in the upper abdomen
• Shortness of breath

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult your doctor immediately.

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause of hypertension in pregnancy isn’t always clear, some factors increase the risk:

• First-time pregnancy
• Family history of hypertension or preeclampsia
• Obesity
• Carrying twins or multiples
• Being older than 35
• Pre-existing medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease

How It Affects the Baby

Hypertension can reduce blood flow to the placenta, leading to:

• Low birth weight
• Premature birth
• Placental abruption (early detachment of the placenta)
• Stillbirth in severe cases
• IUGR, Placement insufficiency.

Managing High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy

Here are ways to keep your blood pressure under control:

• Monitor Regularly – Regular checkups help track any changes.
• Healthy Diet – Reduce salt intake, and eat more fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.
• Stay Active – Light exercises like walking or prenatal yoga can help.
• Medication if Needed – Some medications are safe during pregnancy; consult your doctor.
• Reduce Stress – Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing and meditation.

When to Seek Medical Help

Contact your doctor immediately if you notice:

• Severe swelling or rapid weight gain
• Persistent headaches
• Decreased fetal movements
• Vision changes or dizziness

Conclusion

With proper care, a healthy lifestyle, and medical guidance, hypertension in pregnancy can be managed effectively. Regular prenatal visits are crucial to ensuring both mother and baby remain safe. If you have concerns about your blood pressure, discuss them with your doctor to develop the best care plan.